Students should focus more on concepts and discoveries rather than simply memorizing terms and technical details and routinely repeating information on exams. According to the College Board’s website, by the time students take their AP Biology exam (or the SAT exam) they should:ĭevelop a conceptual framework of Biology as a science. Students should also have experience with basic mathematical functions in order to complete experiments.ĪP Biology is a serious course with a number course goals. An introductory course will prepare students to study higher levels of science and familiarize them with the scientific process.
Students taking AP Biology should first complete an introductory course in Biology, usually lasting one school year. Topics covered by this course include, Anatomy & Physiology, Biochemistry, Biodiversity, Botany, The Cell, Developmental Biology, Ecology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Origin of life, Population Biology, and Evolution. While some schools may have selective acceptance into the course, determined by academic record in prerequisite courses, other schools adhere to a policy of open enrollment, encouraging its undertaking by students that demonstrate capability for the course, though they may have performed unsatisfactorily in previous science courses. Enrollment requirements for the AP Biology course depend on policies established by each high school offering the course, but AP Biology is usually preceded by a less rigorous entry level Biology course, and sometimes by Chemistry as well. This course is offered to highly motivated students who wish to pursue their interests in the biological sciences. Because universities grant college credit for this course, they require that the textbooks, labs, and coursework used by AP courses be equivalent to those used in actual college courses. Students who choose to take AP Biology may be allowed to skip over introductory biology courses and enroll in courses in which biology is a prerequisite. The level of aptitude in this subject will assist students wishing to excel on the SAT and in college courses.Īccording to the College Board’s website, AP Biology courses are designed to be the equivalent of a college introductory course, usually taken during a biology major’s first year of college. This protocol typically takes ~2 h to complete, from installation to statistical analysis and visualization, for a dataset of ~10 GB, 10,000 cells and 19 cell types, and using five threads.This course can help prepare students who wish to continue their scientific education after high school, as well as students who wish to prepare for the SAT exam.
Coursenotes cell communication how to#
In our protocol, we demonstrate how to evaluate meaningful biological interactions with CellPhoneDB v.2.0 using published datasets.
Coursenotes cell communication code#
CellPhoneDB v.2.0 is publicly available, both as code and as a user-friendly web interface it can be used by both experts and researchers with little experience in computational genomics. CellPhoneDB v.2.0 is an updated version of our resource that incorporates additional functionalities to enable users to introduce new interacting molecules and reduces the time and resources needed to interrogate large datasets. Here, we outline the structure and content of our repository, provide procedures for inferring cell-cell communication networks from single-cell RNA sequencing data and present a practical step-by-step guide to help implement the protocol. We integrated our resource with a statistical framework that predicts enriched cellular interactions between two cell types from single-cell transcriptomics data. In contrast to other repositories, our database takes into account the subunit architecture of both ligands and receptors, representing heteromeric complexes accurately. To investigate how the context-dependent crosstalk of different cell types enables physiological processes to proceed, we developed CellPhoneDB, a novel repository of ligands, receptors and their interactions. Cell-cell communication mediated by ligand-receptor complexes is critical to coordinating diverse biological processes, such as development, differentiation and inflammation.
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